Admite LáDirecção Pedagógica
Departamento de Admissão à Universidade (DAU)
Exame de admissão de Inglês – 2018
- Preencha as suas respostas na FOLHA DE RESPOSTAS que lhe foi fornecida no início desta prova. Não será aceite qualquer outra folha adicional, incluindo este enunciado.
- Na FOLHA DE RESPOSTAS, assinale a letra que corresponde à alternativa escolhida pintando completamente o interior do rectângulo por cima da letra. Por exemplo, pinte assim ▀A, se a resposta escolhida for A
- A máquina de leitura óptica anula todas as questões com mais de uma resposta e/ou com borrões. Para evitar isto, preencha primeiro à lápis HB, e só depois, quando tiver certeza das respostas, à esferográfica.
Section I
Read the text carefully and answer the questions that follow. Only ONE choice is possible.
Money
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money some 2,000 years ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide, and to carry about. In other words it must be “durable, distinct, divisible and portable”. When we think of money today, we picture it either as round, flat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes. But there are still parts of the world today where coins and papers are of no use. They will buy nothing, and a traveller may starve if he had none of the particular local “money” to exchange for food. Among isolated people who are not reached by traders from outside, commerce usually means barter. There is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, meat for grain, or various kinds of food in exchange for pots, baskets, or other manufactured goods. For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed, but there is often something that everyone wants and everybody wants to use, such as salt to flavour food, shells for ornaments, or iron and copper to make into tools and vessels.
These things – salt, shells or metals – are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today. Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and cakes of salt still buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa. Cowrie sea shells have been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the Old World. These were collected mainly from the beaches of the Maldives’ Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China. In Africa, cowries were traded right across the continent from East to West. Four or five thousand went for one Maria Theresa dollar, an Austrian silver coin which was once accepted as currency in parts of Africa. Metal valued by weight preceded coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money. It can either be exchanged for goods, or made into tools, weapons or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze, often in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called “cash”. The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old – older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean. Nowadays, coins and notes have supplanted nearly all the more picturesque forms of money, and although in one or two of the remote countries people still hoard it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, examples of primitive money will soon be found only in museums.
Aristotle said money should be:
Nowadays we think of money as: